Long-Term Properties of PVC Water Pipe Used in a Small Chlorinated Water System for 50+ Years in Endicott, Nebraska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Today’s ASTM standards have been applied to 50-year-old pipe removed from a water system in Endicott, Nebraska, to provide a PVC pipe performance analysis. This pipe was removed in order to install replacement valves to the distribution system. Olsson, Inc. in Lincoln, Nebraska, designed the Endicott water system improvements project. Olsson provided 2-in. and 4-in. PVC pipe samples that had been removed from buried service to Diamond Plastics Corporation (DPC) in Grand Island, Nebraska, in order to perform testing on the pipe in accordance with the most current version of ASTM D2241. After being in service for 50 years, the PVC pipe exhumed from Endicott, Nebraska, met nearly all the requirements set in ASTM D2241-15. This paper describes the in-service pipe conditions and discusses the testing procedures used to analyze the PVC pipe, what conclusions can be made from this testing, and how these results compare to earlier studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".