Elucidating the mechanism of dual-fluorescence in carbon dots
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon dots have garnered significant attention owing to their versatile and highly tunable optical properties; however, the origins and the underlying mechanism remains a subject of debate especially for dual fluorescent systems. Here, we have prepared carbon dots from glutathione and formamide precursors via a one-pot solvothermal synthesis. Steady state and dynamic techniques indicate that these dual fluorescent dots possess distinct emissive carbon-core and a molecular states, which are responsible for the blue and red optical signatures, respectively. To further glean information into the fluorescence mechanism, electrochemical analysis was used to measure the bandgaps of the two fluorescent states, while femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy evidenced the two-state model based on the observed heterogeneity and bimodal spectral distribution. Our findings provide novel and fundamental insights on the optical properties of dual fluorescent dots, which can translate to more effective and targeted application development particularly in bioimaging, multiplexed sensing and photocatalysis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".