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Record W3192492365 · doi:10.7759/cureus.17042

Breast Cancer in the Caribbean

2021· review· en· W3192492365 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueCureus · 2021
Typereview
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicGlobal Cancer Incidence and Screening
Canadian institutionsUniversity of Toronto
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMedicinePopulationSocioeconomic statusBreast cancerDemographyIncidence (geometry)DiseaseEpidemiologyEthnic groupLatin AmericansImmigrationCancerEnvironmental healthGerontologyGeographyPathology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the leading causes of death among women globally. In the Caribbean, there is a higher mortality rate compared with North American and European countries which have higher incidence rates. We conducted a literature review to examine the BC dynamic in the Caribbean and determine the areas where further investigations are needed. The PubMed database was used for identifying relevant studies using a combination of specific keyword searches. All studies focusing on BC within the defined Caribbean population were selected for this review. A total of 117 papers were included. The data were organized and presented under the following headings and reported according to the country where available: BC incidence and mortality, patient demographics, clinicopathology, genetics, behavioral risks, diagnosis and treatment, and BC control. Our review uncovered major variability in the incidence, management, etiology, and mortality of BC among Caribbean countries. Low-resource countries are burdened by more advanced disease with expected poorer BC outcomes (i.e., shorter periods of disease-free survival). Countries with established national cancer registries seem to have a better approach to the management of BC. The introduction of cancer treatment programs in association with international nonprofit groups has shown tremendous improvement in quality, accessible cancer care for patients, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. BC research is relatively limited in the Caribbean, lacking in both scope and consistency. The unique Caribbean BC population of diverse ethnicities, environmental influence, immigrants, socioeconomic status, and sociocultural practices allows an optimal opportunity for epidemiological investigations that can provide deeper insights into the status of BC.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.985
Threshold uncertainty score0.633

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0010.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.178
GPT teacher head0.445
Teacher spread0.266 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it