Investigating the prevalence of cognitive impairment in mild and moderate COVID‐19 patients two months post‐discharge: Associations with physical fitness and respiratory function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence and associations of cognitive impairment in previously COVID‐19 patients 2 months after discharge. Method Our study included previously hospitalized, consecutive COVID‐19 patients with mild to moderate disease, followed up 2 months post discharge at a tertiary hospital’s outpatient clinic during May 2021. Exclusion criteria included intensive care unit admission, intubation, or a history of neurodegenerative disease and stroke prior to COVID‐19. Prior to inclusion, eligible patients had provided written informed consent. The full battery of measurements in our study included demographics, medical and family history, anthropometrics, the 6‐minute walk test (6MWT), the Borg Dyspnea Scale, spirometry, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), the Short Form 36 health Survey (SF‐36), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Symptom Checklist 90‐R (SLC90‐R), reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) and plasma antioxidant capacity (PAT test; FRAS5, Parma, Italy). Cognitive impairment was considered on a MoCA cutoff ≤24. Data are presented as mean ±SD or Frequencies (%). Correlations between continuous data were assessed via the Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient, whereas associations were assessed via multiple linear regression (MLR) models. For all tests, a p‐value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 32 subjects were included in the study (35 Male, 17 Female; Mean age of 61.6±9.4). A total of 56.2% presented with cognitive decline (CD) as indicated by a MoCA score <24. Principal component analysis revealed that short‐term memory impairments and multidomain impairment without short‐term memory deficits were the predominant patterns of cognitive impairment. MoCA score correlated with age (ρ=‐0.513, p=0.003), waist circumference (ρ=‐0.388, p=0.028) waist to hip ratio (ρ=‐0.361, p=0.042) and SpO2 during 6MWT (1st, 4th and 6th minute; p<0.05). MLR indicated that after adjusting for age and gender, SpO2 at the 6th minute of the 6MWT was independently associated with MoCA score (Beta=0.579, p‐value=0.001). Conclusion Our findings indicated that among 32 outpatient clinic subjects, 56.2% presented with cognitive decline. The associations with oxygen saturation and physical condition as detected by the 6MWT may indicate overlap with post‐COVID‐19 fatigue and warrants further investigation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".