Modeling surface waves and tide–surge interactions leading to enhanced total water levels in a macrotidal bay
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Large waves and storm surge generated by powerful storms can have detrimental impacts on coastal areas. The Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy system in the Atlantic Ocean is a particularly dynamic environment where storm surge can synergistically combine with the large tides to yield serious impacts on low-lying coastal areas. In this study, impacts from Hurricane Arthur in 2014 were investigated with observations and numerical simulations using a coupled hydrodynamic-wave model. The results indicate that the storm generated significant wave heights up to 5 m in the Gulf of Maine and a storm surge of over 0.5 m in coastal areas in the Upper Bay of Fundy, however this surge occurred during the neap tide with no associated flooding. Additional simulations, including a historically important event called the Saxby Gale of 1869, were also simulated. This powerful storm occurred during a perigean spring tide, and the model results indicate wave heights of over 10 m and storm surge of over 0.7 m that caused significant flooding. The results indicate that a well-timed tropical cyclone during a high spring tide has the potential to create a storm surge that could overtop existing dyke systems, causing extensive flooding and damage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".