LATE PLEISTOCENE PINE MARTEN (MARTES; MUSTELIDAE) FROM THE BLACK HILLS, SOUTH DAKOTA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two species of pine martens (Mustelidae, Martes americana, M. caurina) inhabit northern North America, with both species overlapping their distributions in the northwest of the USA and Canada. One extinct form (M. nobilis), larger than extant species, is known predominantly from Late Pleistocene cave deposits in the Intermountain West. Here we report on the skeletal remains of pine marten recovered from 2 caves in Wind Cave National Park, Black Hills, southwestern South Dakota. Only introduced marten populations occur in the region today, highlighting the significance of the records for understanding the biotic history of the region. One complete skeleton of Martes recovered from Wind Cave radiocarbon dates to approximately 11,100 calibrated years BP, whereas the other fossil remains from the nearby Persistence Cave date to between 12,000 and 42,000 y old based on associated 14C dates. These remains represent the 1st fossil record of Martes from the Black Hills. Both forms of recovered pine martens, characterizing extinct and extant morphologies, were recovered in the caves but as yet are not understood to be sympatric in the local community.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".