Carrier bed plays associated with conventional petroleum accumulations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Carrier beds are lateral migration pathways that link source rocks with reservoirs in conventional petroleum plays. Carrier beds may—but need not—have the same reservoir properties as the conventional reservoirs supplied by them. Indeed, the downdip limits of many conventional fields are defined by changes in porosity and, more often, permeability, associated with a change in facies between the carrier beds and the reservoir. The low permeability of the carrier beds does not preclude them from supplying the reservoir at geological time scales. If sufficient porosity exists for economic volumes of hydrocarbons to be present, the low permeabilities that previously marked the economic limits of some fields need no longer preclude extension of the field downdip into strata that served as carrier beds for the conventional reservoir. Horizontal wells and multistage hydraulic fracturing allow low-permeability carrier beds to become viable hydrocarbon reservoirs. The east Pembina halo play in the Cardium Formation (Cretaceous) of western Canada and the offshore Mancos Shale play in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, both produce from carrier beds that served as migration pathways for oil in conventional reservoirs. These plays are now interpreted as carrier bed plays, along with the Codell Sandstone (Cretaceous) of the Denver Basin and the Turner Sandy Members of the Carlile Shale (Cretaceous) of the Powder River Basin. Placing plays within a petroleum system framework by identifying them as carrier beds should help focus the search for similar plays in the future and extend the areal extent and life of analogous oil and gas fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".