A high‐performance TE modulator/TM‐pass polarizer using selective mode shaping in a VO <sub>2</sub> ‐based side‐polished fiber
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The reversible insulating‐to‐conducting phase transition (ICPT) of vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) makes it a versatile candidate for the implementation of integrated optical devices. In this paper, a bi‐functional in‐line optical device based on a four‐layer stack of PMMA/graphene/VO 2 /graphene deposited on a side‐polished fiber (SPF) is proposed. The structure can be employed as an ultra‐compact TE modulator or a TM‐pass polarizer, operating at 1.55 μm. We show that the ICPT characteristic can be used for polarization‐selective mode shaping (PSMS) to manipulate orthogonal modes separately. On the one hand, as an optical modulator, the PSMS is used to modify mode profiles so that the TE mode attenuation is maximized in the off‐state (and IL is minimized in the on‐state), while the power carried by the TM mode remains unchanged. As a result, a TE modulator with an ultrahigh extinction ratio (ER) of about ER = 165 dB/mm and a very low insertion loss (IL) of IL = 2.3 dB/mm is achieved. On the other hand, the structure can act as a TM‐pass polarizer featuring an extremely high polarization extinction ratio (PER) of about PER = 164 dB/mm and a low TM insertion of IL = 3.86 dB/mm. The three‐dimensional heat transfer calculation for the ICPT process reveals that the response time of the modulator is in the order of few nanoseconds. Moreover, the required bias voltage of the proposed device is calculated to be as low as 1.1 V. The presented results are promising a key step towards the realization of an integrated high‐performance in‐line modulator/polarizer.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it