Radar observations of the daytime β-Taurids and ζ-Perseids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT We measure the activity, orbital characteristics, and mass index of the strongest daytime Taurid meteor showers (ζ-Perseids and β-Taurids) as observed by the Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar during 2002–2020. This survey recorded ∼2 × 104 stream orbits and more than 4 × 104 single-station events with speed measurements, for meteoroids with masses ${\sim }1 \times 10^{-7}{\, \mathrm{kg}}$ and sizes ${\sim }5 \times 10^{-4}\, \mathrm{m}$. ζ-Perseid activity occurred during the interval 56○ ≤ λ⊙ ≤ 92○ and peaked at λ⊙ = 77.0○, while the β-Taurids were active during the overlapping period 85○ ≤ λ⊙ ≤ 103○ and peaked at λ⊙ = 95.0○. The corrected out-of-atmosphere velocities at these activity peaks were 26.4 and 26.3 km s−1, respectively. The showers display a broad period of activity with an asymmetric profile, with a gradual increase at the beginning and a sharper decrease after the peak. The mass indices of the ζ-Perseids and β-Taurids during their periods of activity were found to be 1.81 ± 0.05 and 1.87 ± 0.05, with the ζ-Perseids reaching a minimum of 1.71 ± 0.05 around the peak of activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".