Bibliographic record
Abstract
The young Pierre Laval, a revolutionary socialist who challenged the bourgeois French Republic’s claim to universality, did not see himself as anti-Semitic—quite the contrary. Mocked for his looks and accused of being an immigrant, he decided to take advantage of his rumored Jewish heritage, even if it meant adhering to an essentialist vision. To him, being Jewish was a sort of alter ego that cast him as a victim of the elites’ contempt—no different from the humble Auvergnat. This identity made him incapable of hating or harming others.However, social climber that he was, the young man became a member of Parliament (1914), then mayor of Aubervilliers (1923) and a senator. He began weaponizing anti-Semitic prejudice and hatred for his opponents as early as WWI and the 1920s. The defeat in 1940 led him to radicalize both his viewpoints and actions. The “Toppler of the Republic” used unabashed xenophobia to justify institutional reform on July 10. The policy of collaboration he created on his own anticipated the Nazis’ expectations in terms of anti-Semitic legislation (Jewish Statutes, October 3). When he returned to government office in April 1942, Laval helped the police tasked with deporting foreign Jews to the occupied territory and deporting anyone in the socalled Free Zone. Although he refused to hand over his fellow citizens, signifying the sovereignty of his government, and taking into account the unpopularity of such a policy, he only belatedly opposed plans regarding the massive denaturalization of French Jews. He eventually offered to hand over Jewish children, knowing perfectly well what would happen to them. During his trial, the man who behaved so long without principles appeared remorseless.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.012 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".