Bibliographic record
Abstract
Prior to British colonization, there was a general trend by the (Muslim) Mughal Empire to integrate Hindus into the civil and military administrations. They also actively sought to bridge any religious divides and to create a more coherent society through matrimony. However, with the onset of British colonial rule, this generally harmonious existence started to fade away. The British believed that Muslims and Hindus naturally consisted of separate nations. In fear of Hindu domination, began to champion the idea of a separate Muslim majority nation state in north-western and north-eastern India, where Muslims were in the majority. In 1947, with the creation of Pakistan, this became a reality. Pakistan came into existence with the duty of being the Muslim homeland in South Asia. However, in this paper I argue that even though Pakistan was create as a nation for Muslims, it was never an Islamist state, like that of Iran immediately post 1979 Revolution, but instead remained secular. The word secular is often simplified as the separation of church (or whatever religious institution) and state or just wholly misinterpreted. Moreover, secularism is often seen as a pre-requisite to democracy and modernity. Hence, I would like to explore a couple of ideas: one, what secularism really implies; two, the consolidation of democracy and Alfred Stepan’s theory of the “Twin Tolerations”; third, the development of Pakistan’s institutions and its relationship with Islam.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".