Understanding Sources of Atmospheric Hydrogen Chloride in Coastal Spring and Continental Winter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ambient 0.5 Hz hydrogen chloride (HCl) measurements were made in Canadian cities to investigate chlorine activation and constrain the tropospheric chlorine budget. Springtime HCl mixing ratios in a coastal city (St. John’s, NL) were up to 1200 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) with a median of 63 pptv and were consistently elevated during daytime. High time-resolution measurements allowed the attribution of events to general sources, including direct emissions. Most coastal HCl was related to sea-salt aerosol acid displacement (R1) and chlorine activation. Continental urban (Toronto, ON) wintertime HCl mixing ratios reached up to 541 and 172 pptv, with medians of 67 and 11 pptv during two sampling periods characterized by different wind directions. The absence of consistent relationships with NOx, temperature, and wind direction, as well as a lack of diurnal patterns, suggested uncharacterized direct sources of HCl. One period with road salting occurred during sampling, but no relationship to changes in HCl observations was found. The contribution of road salt to the measured HCl may have been masked by larger contributors (such as direct sources of HCl) or perhaps the relationship between HCl and road salt application is not immediate, and thus additional measurements over multiple salting events or between seasons would be required. GEOS-Chem modeled HCl temporal variations in mixing ratios agreed well with coastal measurements only. The measured mixing ratios were underestimated by the model in both locations, but to a greater degree (up to 3 orders of magnitude) in the continental city. The discrepancy between the model and measurements for the continental wintertime city emphasizes the need for a greater understanding of direct sources of HCl and the impact of road salt.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".