Physical controls on summer thermal refuges for salmonids in two gravel-cobble salmon rivers with contrasting thermal regimes: the Ouelle and Ste. Marguerite rivers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Salmon and trout respond to river temperature fluctuations by moving into cooler areas when main-stem temperatures exceed their upper tolerance limits. In a climate warming context, these areas are increasingly recognized as an important aspect of stream habitat especially for cold water fish such as salmonids, because they can act as thermal refuges during summer months. This thesis aims firstly to examine the physical processes that underlie the formation of various types of cold water anomalies in a river setting, and secondly, to determine which anomaly types are being used as refuges by salmonids in hot weather. Two main refuge forming processes are investigated, this in two Quebec salmon rivers. These are 1) thermal plume formation from cool tributaries inflowing into warm main-stem reaches, and 2) vertical thermal stratification, with cooler water below warmer surface water. The dynamics of thermal refuges thus formed are characterized using environmental monitoring techniques, with various morphometric and physicochemical measurements describing the variability of existing conditions within these refuges. Visual fish surveys are also carried out in an event of moderate heat stress, to document the use by salmonids of cold, thermally stratified anomalies. A simple hydrodynamic modelling tool is used to determine how the local morphology and hydraulics of a confluence zone can influence the size and geometry of tributary-sourced thermal refuges; this tool is then coupled with data on future regional climate scenarios, to assess how climate change might affect a typical tributary plume refuge. Finally, select statistical methods are combined to determine the morpho-hydraulic characteristics that are associated with thermal stratification in the systems under study, as well as the habitat conditions that are preferably selected by salmonids when they are seeking refuge.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".