A Descriptive Review of Epidemiology of COVID–19 in Smokers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by SARS Cov 2, gains entry to bronchial epithelial cells by binding of the viral spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors. We conducted a non - systematic review of databases with (English articles only), PubMed, Google Scholar using keywords like “COVID-19,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “novel coronavirus,” smoking,” “smokers,” “nicotine.” A total of 33 articles were reviewed. Smokers were 1.4 times more likely to have severe COVID-19 (RR=1.4 95% CI: 0.98-2.00), and 2.4 times more likely to require an ICU admission (RR= 2.4 CI: 1.43-4.04) when compared to non-smokers (n=926). Current smokers were less likely to experience an adverse outcome (OR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.24–0.74), compared to former smokers. 22% of current smokers and 46% of former smokers had more severe complications. Current smokers had a case fatality rate of 38.5% (n=1790) and higher odds of mortality (OR= 1.25) especially males >65 years (OR=2.51). Public education about smoking cessation should be implemented along with standard guidelines to prevent disease progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.020 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".