Intestinal adaptations to energy source of milk replacer in neonatal dairy calves
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most milk replacers (MR) contain more lactose compared with whole milk, which, when fed at a large meal size, could influence gut barrier function in calves. This study evaluated how replacing lactose in MR with fat (on a wt/wt basis) affects intestinal histomorphology and permeability in neonatal dairy calves. Thirty-four Holstein-Friesian bull calves were blocked by dam parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (n = 17): a high-lactose (46.1% lactose, 18.0% crude fat, and 23.9% crude protein of dry matter) or a high-fat MR (HF; 39.9% lactose, 24.6% crude fat, and 24.0% crude protein of dry matter). Calves were individually housed and fed pooled colostrum at 1.5 h and 12 h postnatally, at 18 and 9% of metabolic body weight (BW 0.75 ), respectively. From 24 h postnatally until the end of the study (d 7), calves were transitioned to be fed MR (prepared at 15% solids) at 18% of BW 0.75 twice daily at 0700 and 1900 h. During postprandial sampling on d 6, intestinal permeability was assessed by mixing lactulose (1.03 g/kg of BW 0.75 ) and d-mannitol (0.31 g/kg of BW 0.75 ) into the morning meal without altering total meal volume. Sequential blood samples were collected via jugular catheter, and total urine was collected for 12 h to measure the marker content. Calves were euthanized 3 h after the morning meal on d 7, and gastrointestinal tract tissues and digesta were collected for analysis of histomorphology, digesta osmolality, and gene expression. The empty gastrointestinal tracts of HF calves were heavier, although length did not differ and differences in histomorphology were minor. Digesta osmolality changed along the tract without differences between treatments. Plasma lactulose was greater in HF, although plasma d-mannitol and the recovery of both markers in urine were unaffected. No significant differences were detected in gene expression, although HF calves tended to have lower expression of TJP1 and CLDN2 and higher expression of proinflammatory cytokine IL1B in ileum tissue. In conclusion, partially replacing lactose in MR with fat resulted in a heavier and more permeable gut, with minor histomorphological differences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".