The impact of work, childcare and family variables on the diet quality and diet diversity of preschoolers in dual-earner families in Winnipeg, Manitoba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the last 40 years there has been an increase in the number of women entering Canada's labour force. With the increase in participation it is not clear how women working outside of the home affects the diet of preschoolers in dual earner families. This study examined the effects of mothers' work, child-care and family variables on the diet quality and diversity of preschoolers in dual-earner families. The effects of the combined mothers' and fathers' work variables on the diet of preschoolers were also examined. Subjects were 146 preschoolers (24-47 months) in dual earner families living in Winnipeg. Parents and caregivers kept an estimated 3-day food record for non-consecutive days. Work variables were work time, work schedule, and work schedule flexibility. I also included the licensing of the child-care facility as a characteristic of the child-care setting. Mothers' education and family income were used as the characteristics of the family setting. Diet quality was measured using a mean adequacy ratio score, while diet diversity was measured by determining the presence of different foods. Mothers' work time and mothers' education had significant relationships with diet quality (r = -0.2, p < 0.05 and X2 = 6.78, p < 0.03, respectively). Mothers' work schedule flexibility was significantly related to diet diversity (X2 = 2.94; p < 0.05). Family work time and family work schedule had significant relationships with diet quality (r = -0.2; p < 0.05 and X2 = 7.92; p < 0.05, respectively). Family work schedule was significantly related to the preschoolers'diet diversity (X2 = 5.43; p < 0.10). The combined effect of work, child-care and family variables did not indicate any significant relationships with diet quality and diversity. Mothers' work variables and family work variables have an effect on diet quality and diversity of preschoolers. The child-care and family settings also have an effect on the diet of the preschooler. Further research is needed to fully explore how other variables of mothers' work, and the combined family work settings how they may affect the diet of preschoolers. With mothers' increasing their presence in the labour force, further research is needed to fully explore other characteristics such as work place stress, to determine their effect of the diet of preschoolers. The results of such research have implications for nutrition education programs for parents as well as for the design of work place policies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".