The “problem” of the urban refugee: the African refugee regime and the Joint Refugee Services of Kenya, 1967–1982
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines a short era in which the category of the African “urban refugee” garnered special attention from governments and non-governmental organizations. In the late 1960s, those dealing with refugee issues began to perceive urban refugees as posing a unique set of problems, ones that required intervention by specialized professionals. This shift in thinking came to fruition with the Joint Refugee Services of Kenya (JRSK). For the first few years of the 1970s, JRSK staff (including trained social workers) provided sympathetic and individualized attention to refugees in Nairobi. Yet top-level management harbored a suspicion that refugees might become dependent and morally weak through cash allowances, while from the mid-1970s some lower level staff took advantage of refugees, and the number of refugees increased while JRSK resources stagnated. By the mid-1980s, the JRSK had been disbanded and the vision of special, individualized programs for urban refugees had been forgotten.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".