Decreased Serum NCAM Levels Associated with Cognitive Impairment in Vascular Dementia
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective. Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), a glycoprotein widely distributed in the brain, has recently been shown to regulate neuroplasticity. However, the role of NCAM in vascular dementia (VaD) is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine whether NCAM is involved in the course of VaD. Methods. Continuous recruitment of VaD patients and control population to join this study. Doctors or nurses are responsible for collecting their clinical characteristics including age, gender, formal education, heart rate, supine systolic blood pressure, supine diastolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein. Each participant received the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale after being enrolled in the group. At the same time, their peripheral blood was collected, and their serum NCAM levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. 98 VaD patients and 83 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. There was no significant statistical difference between the VaD group and the control group in terms of the comparison of clinical characteristics ( <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <a:mi>p</a:mi> <a:mo>></a:mo> <a:mn>0.05</a:mn> </a:math> ). The MoCA score of VaD patients was significantly lower than that of the controls ( <c:math xmlns:c="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <c:mn>27.9</c:mn> <c:mo>±</c:mo> <c:mn>1.4</c:mn> </c:math> vs. <e:math xmlns:e="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <e:mn>23.0</e:mn> <e:mo>±</e:mo> <e:mn>2.1</e:mn> </e:math> points, <g:math xmlns:g="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <g:mi>p</g:mi> <g:mo><</g:mo> <g:mn>0.001</g:mn> </g:math> ). In addition, the circulating NCAM level of VaD patients was also significantly lower than that of controls ( <i:math xmlns:i="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <i:mn>21.7</i:mn> <i:mo>±</i:mo> <i:mn>3.8</i:mn> </i:math> vs. <k:math xmlns:k="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <k:mn>17.6</k:mn> <k:mo>±</k:mo> <k:mn>4.2</k:mn> </k:math> ng/mL, <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <m:mi>p</m:mi> <m:mo><</m:mo> <m:mn>0.001</m:mn> </m:math> ). The circulating NCAM level of VaD patients was significantly positively correlated with MoCA score ( <o:math xmlns:o="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M8"> <o:mi>r</o:mi> <o:mo>=</o:mo> <o:mn>0.285</o:mn> </o:math> , <q:math xmlns:q="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M9"> <q:mi>p</q:mi> <q:mo>=</q:mo> <q:mn>0.026</q:mn> </q:math> ). After adjusting for clinical characteristics, circulating NCAM levels are still an independent pathogenic factor of VaD (regression <s:math xmlns:s="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M10"> <s:mtext>coefficient</s:mtext> <s:mo>=</s:mo> <s:mn>0.223</s:mn> </s:math> , <u:math xmlns:u="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M11"> <u:mi>p</u:mi> <u:mo>=</u:mo> <u:mn>0.034</u:mn> </u:math> ). Conclusions. VaD patients have low circulating NCAM levels, which can be used as a potential predictor of VaD.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it