Refugee settlement as dialogue: conversations and contestations between the Tanzanian state, Mozambican liberation leaders and humanitarian officials (1964–1971)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During decolonization, African host states, liberation leaders and humanitarian officials debated, negotiated and modified who they each thought best to manage refugee settlements: expatriates or African staff. Using 1960s postcolonial Tanzania as a case study, this article synthesizes a range of archival materials from the agencies responsible for establishing Mozambican refugee settlements in Tanzania: the Lutheran World Federation, Tanganyikan Christian Refugee Service and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. It demonstrates and interrogates why these humanitarian agencies and the Tanzanian state sought to have fewer expatriates in refugee camps, while the Mozambican liberation movement, FRELIMO, advocated for the opposite. It argues the Tanzanian state preferred nationalist staff over expatriates due to governmental presumptions that African staff could better monitor refugee daily life – and identify subversive activity – than expatriates could. This put the Tanzanian state at a crossroads with FRELIMO, while humanitarian agencies often found themselves caught between the two agendas.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".