Dispatches from Nigeria: the actions of Royal Dutch Shell and ChevronTexaco in the Warri Crisis, 2003–2004
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Royal Dutch Shell and ChevronTexaco played central roles in the Warri Crisis, a period of deadly violence in the Nigerian oil town of Warri in 2003 and 2004. Scholars have portrayed the crisis as a resource war between local ethnic groups, but US diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks show that Shell and ChevronTexaco shaped the main events of the crisis. The two oil companies pressured the Nigerian government to intervene in Warri when violence between local ethnic groups disrupted oil production. Shell worked closely with the Nigerian government to fund, plan and implement a military intervention, and provided Nigerian security forces with cash, equipment and logistical support. Offering an unprecedented look into the secret actions of the oil companies, the WikiLeaks cables reveal that Shell and ChevronTexaco were dominant actors in the Warri Crisis. Both companies acted in ways that contributed to the violence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".