Evaluation of the performance of Ru/C electrocatalysts for the ORR in the absence and presence of C{sub 2}H{sub 5}OH : application in direct fuel cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The high price and low abundance of platinum (Pt) has prompted scientists to find alternative electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. In addition, low temperature DAFCs have intrinsic characteristics such as the use of liquid fuels, which leads to a high crossover rate from the anode to the cathode due to the high permeability of polymer membranes to those fuels. Ru-based electrocatalysts have been synthesized with excellent results as Pt-free oxygen reduction reaction (orr) cathodes. This paper presented an investigation that evaluated the performance of Ru/C cathode electrocatalysts for the orr. Tests were performed in the absence and presence of ethanol (C{sub 2}H{sub 5}OH) in acid solution in a rotating disc electrode and in a DAFC. The orr kinetics on the Ru-based cathodes was characterized in the absence and presence of ethanol in a rotating disc electrode with the aid of electrochemical techniques such as cyclic and linear scan voltammetry. This paper presented the electrocatalytic activity and selectivity for the orr of these catalysts, both without and with organic molecules. The catalytic capacity of the Ru electrocatalysts as cathodes was also evaluated in a DAFC fueled with ethanol and operating at 80 degrees Celsius. Analogous results were presented for a standard Pt/C cathode for the sake of comparison. It was concluded that in ethanol-free solutions, the performance of Ru/C cathodes for the orr was lower compared to that of a Pt/C cathode. 33 refs., 2 tabs., 8 figs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".