Solar-Driven Glucose Isomerization into Fructose via Transient Lewis Acid–Base Active Sites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The selective glucose isomerization to fructose is an essential step for various industrial biofuels and biochemicals production. However, current biological and acid–base catalysis processes still suffer from poor glucose conversion and low fructose selectivity. Here, we demonstrate an effective strategy for fast sunlight-driven glucose isomerization with over 60% fructose selectivity. This process is realized by a rationally designed crystalline carbon nitride (CN) prepared via the combination of supramolecular preorganization and the molten-salt method. The high in-plane crystallinity and extended π-conjugation significantly enhance visible-light absorption and charge separation. We show that the surface nitrogen vacancies and cyano groups induce rearrangement of the electron cloud under light irradiation and introduce the transient Lewis acid–base active sites, which result in the activation of the oxygen atoms (O1 and O2) of glucose and the deprotonation of O2–H to selectively produce fructose. This work provides a protocol for biofuels/chemicals production via a photocatalysis process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".