Stress-Induced Changes in Effective Connectivity During Regulation of the Emotional Response to Threat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Stress-related disruption of emotion regulation appears to involve the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala. However, the interactions between brain regions that mediate stress-induced changes in emotion regulation remain unclear. The present study builds upon prior work that assessed stress-induced changes in the neurobehavioral response to threat by investigating effective connectivity between these brain regions. Methods: Participants completed the Montreal Imaging Stress Task followed by a Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Stress ratings and psychophysiological responses were used to assess stress reactivity. Effective connectivity during fear conditioning was identified using multivariate autoregressive modeling. Effective connectivity values were calculated during threat presentations that were either predictable (preceded by a warning cue) or unpredictable (no warning cue). Results: A neural hub within the dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) showed greater effective connectivity to other PFC regions, inferior parietal lobule, insula, and amygdala during predictable than unpredictable threat. The dmPFC also showed greater connectivity to different dorsolateral PFC and amygdala regions during unpredictable than predictable threat. Stress ratings varied with connectivity differences from the dmPFC to the amygdala. Connectivity from dmPFC to amygdala was greater in general during unpredictable than predictable threat, however, this connectivity increased during predictable compared with unpredictable threat as stress reactivity increased. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that acute stress disrupts connectivity underlying top-down emotion regulation of the threat response. Furthermore, increased connectivity between the dmPFC and amygdala may play a critical role in stress-induced changes in the emotional response to threat. Impact statement The present study builds upon prior work that assessed stress-induced changes in the human neurobehavioral response to threat by demonstrating that increased top-down connectivity from the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala varies with individual differences in stress reactivity. These findings provide novel evidence in humans of stress-induced disruption of a specific top-down corticolimbic circuit during active emotion regulation processes, which may play a causal role in the long-term effects of chronic or excessive stress exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".