Seismic Analysis of Perfect and Imperfect Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tanks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the behaviour and design guidelines of cylindrical steel liquid storage tanks subjected to various strong earthquake excitations. The authors aim to develop practical design equations and charts estimating the buckling strength of the cylindrical steel liquid-filled tanks subjected to seismic loads. Numerical analysis is used to evaluate the buckling strength of cylindrical steel liquid-filled tanks. Finite element analysis is performed using the commercial computer program ANSYS. Both geometrically perfect and imperfect tanks are studied. The modelling method, appropriate element type, and the necessary number of elements to use in numerical analysis are recommended. The main phenomena addressed in this paper include pre-and postbuckling strength of the tanks. Field observations during past earthquakes together with finite element analyses and published experimental results are used to substantiate the accuracy of employed finite element analysis. Based on the extensive parametric study the accuracy of the current design guidelines is assessed. According to the results of the parametric study of the perfect tanks, the buckling strength decreases significantly as the diameter-to-thickness ratio (D/t) increases, while it decreases slightly as the height-to-diameter ratio (H/D) increases. The buckling strength of the tanks decreases significantly as the amplitude of initial geometric imperfection increases. Design equations and design curves for the cylindrical steel liquid-filled tanks of various geometries subjected to different earthquakes are proposed and presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".