Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to make a comparison of the age-specific colorectal cancer incidence rate between Japan and other countries, we abstracted cancer incidence rate from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Vol. XI (CI5) (1). The International Agency for Research on Cancer provides the CI5 databases on the incidence of cancer recorded by cancer registries (regional and national) worldwide. We used cancer incidence rate in five countries in Asia (China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Thailand), three countries in America (the United States of America, Canada and Brazil), two countries in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and 4 countries in Europe (the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Italy). Some countries have plural cancer registries and we aggregated the all registries to calculate the incidence rate in the countries from the CI5-XI database. The period of years at cancer diagnosis was from 2008 to 2012. Bladder cancer was coded as C67 based on ICD-10. Figure 1 shows the age-specific incidence rates of bladder cancer in male by countries. The age-specific incidence rates in European countries, in particular Italy and Germany, tend to be higher than other countries in Asia, America and Oceania. The age-specific incidence rates continued to increase with age in most of the studied countries. The incidence rate exceeded 1 per 100 000 in the late 20s to 30s, whereas in Italy the incidence rate exceeded 1 per 100 000 in the late teens. The age-specific incidence rates in Asia except Japan tend to be lower than in America and Oceania. In Asia, Japan shows the highest incidence rates of bladder cancer. The incidence rate in Japan up to the age of 30 is almost the same as that in China and the Republic of Korea, but after that the incidence rates increased with age, and the difference from the incidence rates in other Asian countries became large. Age-specific bladder cancer incidence rate per 100 000 people in male. Age-specific bladder cancer incidence rate per 100 000 people in male. Figure 2 shows the age-specific incidence rates of bladder cancer in female by countries. The incidence rate for female was lower than that for male in all studied countries. In the age-specific incidence rate for female, the incidence rates in Europe, especially Italy and Germany, tend to be higher than in other countries. With the exception of Japan, the incidence rates in Asian countries tend to be lower than in other countries. In the Republic of Korea, China and Thailand, the incidence rate remained almost constant after the 80s, while in Japan, as in Europe, America and Oceania, the incidence rate continued to increase with age. Age-specific bladder cancer incidence rate per 100 000 people in female. Age-specific bladder cancer incidence rate per 100 000 people in female. Note: Data were downloaded from the Global Cancer Observatory (GCO), which is an interactive web-based platform presenting global cancer statistics (https://gco.iarc.fr/). Responsibility for this presentation and interpretation lies with the authors of this article.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".