Differences between perfect powers: The Lebesgue-Nagell equation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We develop a variety of new techniques to treat Diophantine equations of the shape <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x squared plus upper D equals y Superscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>D</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2+D =y^n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , based upon bounds for linear forms in <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="p"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> -adic and complex logarithms, the modularity of Galois representations attached to Frey-Hellegouarch elliptic curves, and machinery from Diophantine approximation. We use these to explicitly determine the set of all coprime integers <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="y"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="n greater-than-or-equal-to 3"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo> ≥ </mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n \geq 3</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> , with the property that <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="y Superscript n Baseline greater-than x squared"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y^n > x^2</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="x squared minus y Superscript n"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo> − </mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2-y^n</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> has no prime divisor exceeding <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="11"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">11</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".