Biocontrol Potential of Four Indigenous Entomopathogenic Nematodes From Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Globally, vegetable production including tomato is constrained by pests and diseases. The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick.), is a major pest of tomato, mainly managed using chemical pesticides. There is a need for integrated pest management (IPM), approaches that are human and environmentally friendly. The study aimed at molecular identification and virulence evaluation of four entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) against T. absoluta larvae. The DNA was extracted, sequenced, and phylogeny analyzed. The EPNs virulence was evaluated using the insect baiting technique at different nematode concentrations (0-Control, 100, 150, 200, and 250 infective juveniles/ml of distilled water). Larval mortality data were collected for five days. Molecular identification resulted in nucleotide sequence lengths of 877-895 base pairs (bp). All the isolates were found to be Steinernema species of EPNs. The % similarity of the isolates and their close relatives ranged between 82-100%. The isolates closely matched Steinernema spp. AY230184 (Sri Lanka); AY230186 (Kenya), JN651414 (Ethiopia), and MW151701 (Kenya). The sequences were deposited to Genbank as Steinernema sp. Isolate Kalro 75 (MW150871), Steinernema sp. Isolate Kalro S86 (MW150872), Steinernema sp. isolate Kalro97 (MW150873) and Steinernema sp. Isolate KalroR52 (MW150874). All the EPN isolates were virulent against T. absoluta. Isolate Kalro R52 and Kalro S86 recorded the highest mortality of 76±7.5%; 72±15.0% respectively in the 48 h. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001), between all the isolates and the Control. The four EPNs were virulent and have bio-control potential against, T. absoluta. Research on their virulence against T. absoluta in the field is recommended.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".