Soluble Pea Protein Aggregates Form Strong Gels in the Presence of κ-Carrageenan
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pea protein has attracted attention as an alternative for soy protein, but its weaker gelling properties have limited applications in food formulations. In this study, heat-induced soluble pea protein aggregates were prepared in the first step, followed by the heat-induced gelation of the soluble pea protein aggregates in the presence of a small amount of κ-carrageenan. The mechanical property measurement indicated that the complex gel strength can be modulated by modifying the pea protein aggregate properties to achieve a compressive strength up to 14.15 kPa. In addition, such strong gels were achieved at a relatively low concentration of protein (7.5%) and κ-carrageenan (0.5%) and thus are advantageous for practical applications. The surface hydrophobicity, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy characterizations suggest that pea protein particulate aggregates with hydrophobic patches on the surface can serve as the active building blocks to establish a homogeneous three-dimensional network of highly cross-linked structures with small pore size, thus leading to gels of superior mechanical strength when compared with gels prepared from pea protein isolate with κ-carrageenan. This research has provided a novel approach for structuring and texturization of plant-protein-based foods by using protein aggregates and contributed to the understanding of mechanism of gel formation from pea protein aggregates in the presence of κ-carrageenan.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it