A literature review of microvascular proliferation in arteriovenous malformations of skin and soft tissue
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are defined as being quiescent vascular masses composed of mature vessels. However, recent studies reported areas of microvascular proliferation (MVP) in AVM, indicating a process of angiogenesis. As this finding questions the previous definition, the primary objective of this review was to evaluate whether angiogenesis occurs in vascular malformations of skin and soft tissue, and second, to identify potential factors involved in MVP. METHOD: Due to the multifaceted nature of this subject, a hermeneutic methodology was used to select articles that were likely to provide a deeper understanding of MVP in vascular malformations. Through citation tracking and database searching in PubMed and Web of Science, relevant articles were identified. All study designs concerning occurrence of MVP in AVM of skin and soft tissue in all age groups were included in the study. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used for quality assessment. RESULTS: 16 studies were included in this review which reported occurrence of MVP areas in between the otherwise mature vessels of vascular malformations. In these studies, angiogenesis was reported only in AVM-type of vascular malformations. Increased levels of pro-angiogenic factors were also reported and proliferation was found most prominently during adolescence. Finally, several types of hormone receptors also have been described in tissues of AVM. CONCLUSION: Overall, the reviewed data support occurrence of active angiogenesis, highlighted by the presence of MVP in the arteriovenous type of vascular malformations, and a possible concurrent lesion progression towards a higher Schobinger stage of clinical severity. The relative scarcity of data at present implies that further research is required to elucidate the nature of MVP in AVM, which could have implications for developing targeted pharmacotherapy. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: Active angiogenesis caused by MVP in AVM patients is known to be correlating to clinical symptoms and contributing to the progression of the disease, recurrence rate, and patient's quality of life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.016 | 0.015 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".