Sodium caseinate hinders chymosin-induced aggregation of caseins in concentrated milk: The role of soluble caseins and calcium ions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Concentrated casein micelle suspensions show an altered balance between the colloidal and soluble phases compared with native skim milk. The objective of this research was to probe the role of such a change on the chymosin-driven destabilization of casein micelles. Skim milk was gently concentrated by osmotic stressing to increase the volume fraction of the micelles while maintaining a constant ionic composition. In situ turbidity measurements demonstrated that the secondary stage of gelation was hindered in the concentrated suspensions. Addition of ionic calcium overcame this inhibition, whereas restoring the original concentration by redilution did not. This work clearly demonstrated that calcium plays a major role in decreasing electrostatic repulsion in casein micelles, but also showed the importance of noncolloidal proteins in altering the gelling functionality of casein micelles in concentrated milk. Additional calcium induces aggregation of these soluble caseins, restoring gelation in concentrates.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it