Effect of Hijama Bil Shart (Wet Cupping Therapy) in Treatment of Waja‘ al-Zahr (Low Backache): A Randomized Standard Controlled Clinical Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Low back pain (Waja‘ al-Zahr) is one of the common musculoskeletal problems. It affects 80% population and accounts for considerable health care and profound economic burden. Disabilities in activities of daily living are common due to low back pain. Despite advancement in medicine, the standard conventional treatment often fails to achieve optimal results. Unani physicians recommended various modes of treatment to manage musculoskeletal disorders through intervention of specific regimens and pharmacotherapy. Wet cupping therapy (Hijama bil Shart) has been recommended for the treatment of low back pain and has been reported to have significant effect on reducing pain and improving quality of life. Keeping in view of the above facts, a randomized standard controlled study was designed. Methods: A randomized standard controlled clinical trial was carried out on 60 diagnosed patients of low back pain (30 in each group) attending the Ilaj Bit Tadbeer outpatient department, Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh, India. After meeting inclusion criteria and random allocation, patients of control group were advised to locally apply Diclofenac gel on lumbar region daily for 28 days and those in test group received Hijama bil Shart (wet cupping) on weekly basis for four weeks. Assessment of patients in each group was done on Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry Disability Index and on Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. Result and Conclusion: Both test and control group treatment were found to be effective in reducing pain tenderness and disability on Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry Disability Index and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scoring (p 0.05); but the trial regimen was found more effective in reducing disability (p>0.05) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scoring (p>0.05) as compared to standard control.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".