The effect of covid-19 outbreak on foreign direct investment: do sovereign wealth funds matter?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article investigates effects of COVID-19 outbreak on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Additionally, it examines how Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) affect the COVID-19 – FDI nexus in 79 developed and developing countries. Unlike previous studies that incorporate an interaction term into the model to analyse the mediating effect of a given variable, in this paper we segment our sample into two sub-samples (countries with SWFs and countries without SWFs) and estimate the model for each sub-sample. Using a cross-sectional Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), results show that both the total number of death and the total cases are negatively correlated to FDI. Moreover, when considering the role of SWFs, regressions suggest that the COVID-19 outbreak reduces significantly FDI in countries without sovereign wealth funds, while its effect is non-significant in countries with SWFs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".