Aqueous Symmetrical Redox Flow Batteries Based Upon a pH-Responsive Cobalt Complex
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aqueous symmetric redox flow batteries (RFB) are of great interest due to the non-flammability and high conductivity of the solvent, and avoidance of irreversible anolyte crossover seen in asymmetric cells. In this work, we introduce a simple octahedral Co(II) complex, termed BCPIP-Co(II), that has 4 appended carboxylic groups on the ligand periphery that render it both water-soluble and pH-sensitive in the range of pH 1.5 - 5.5. The complex has reversible BCPIP-Co(II-III) and BCPIP-Co(II-I) redox couples within the water splitting window, as well as fast kinetics. The overall charge of the complex varies from +3 to -3, resulting from the level of deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moieties and the oxidation state of the cobalt metal center, both of which affect the resulting redox properties. BCPIP-Co(II) was then incorporated, as both the posolyte and negolyte, into a symmetric aqueous RFB, demonstrating Coulombic efficiencies >99% for up to 100 cycles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".