Building from the Ground up: Funding the Infrastructure Deficit in Manitoba
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ocal communities are critical to regional and national economies.Many municipalities, however, are unable to live up to their social and economic potential (Courchene 2007).This is visibly evident in municipal infrastructure.In the built environment, municipalities are remarkably under-resourced; a situation familiar to taxpaying citizens frustrated with having to drive around potholes or navigate chipped concrete on sidewalks.Roads, mass transit, parklands, and water systems significantly contribute to public health and citizens' standards of living, yet 60% of infrastructure works in Canada were built over 70 years ago.This situation is even more troublesome when we consider that the life span of many of these public works is only 40 to 50 years (IFC 2011:38).Added to these concerns are provincialmunicipal financial arrangements often characterized as being equally in a "state of disrepair" (Kitchen 2006).Across the country, the infrastructure deficitthe disparity between demand for services versus the financial ability of municipalities to build and maintain public infrastructurehas become an uncontroversial source of worry for many municipalities (Vander Ploeg and Holden 2013;Mirza 2007;
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".