Glacial lake outburst floods enhance benthic microbial productivity in perennially ice-covered Lake Untersee (East Antarctica)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Benthic ecosystems of perennially ice-covered lakes in Antarctica are highly sensitive to climate-driven changes. Lake Untersee has been in hydrological steady-state for several hundred years with a high pH water column and extremely low levels of dissolved inorganic carbon. Here, we show that glacial lake outburst floods can replenish carbon dioxide-depleted lakes with carbon, enhancing phototrophic activity of the benthic ecosystem. In 2019, a glacial lake outburst flood brought 17.5 million m 3 of water to Lake Untersee, the most substantial reported increase for any surface lake in Antarctica. High-resolution grain-size and carbon isotope analyses of microbial mats suggest that glacial lake outburst floods have occurred periodically over the Holocene and help explain the complex patterns of carbon cycling and sequestration observed in the lake. Our findings suggest that periodic flooding events may provide biological stimuli to other carbon dioxide-depleted Antarctic ecosystems and perhaps even icy lakes on early Mars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".