The Potential Role of Appetite in Mediating the Relationship of Whole Grains and Body Weight
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Observational studies have consistently shown a relationship between whole grain (WG) intake and lower body weight and body weight gain over time. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not established a consistent causal relationship between WG intake and body weight. There are several plausible mechanisms for how WGs may be able to influence body weight, particularly through effects on appetite and energy intake. Recently, several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have evaluated WG intake and the relationship to body weight in observational studies and RCTs, as well as relationships to appetite and energy intake in RCTs. This review summarizes these recent findings and explores how modest changes in short-term appetite may impact energy intake and body weight in the long term. In addition, reasons for possible inconsistencies in RCTs and observational studies on body weight will be discussed, as well as the limitations of the current research and future opportunities to improve the relevance of the research for public health.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".