Eco-friendly activated carbon developed from rice hulls for chromium and iron ion removal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rice hulls, a harmful biowaste, were used to produce nanosized activated carbon (RHAC) by combustion and phosphoric acid treatment. The developed RHAC was characterised using various structural and morphological techniques (scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen (N2) adsorption). The prepared RHAC was used to remove heavy metal ions (iron (III) (Fe3+) and chromium (VI) (Cr6+)) by using the adsorption mechanism. Adsorption parameters, such as contact time, dose and initial concentration of the heavy metal ions, were investigated. Five adsorption models (two and three parameters) were studied. Also, the adsorption kinetics through the intraparticle diffusion model was applied. RHAC showed adsorption capacities of 47.00 and 45.00 mg/g for iron (III) and chromium (VI), respectively. The findings recommend using RHAC as a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent for metal ion removal and water-treatment applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".