Sex-Differences in the Oxygenation Levels of Intercostal and Vastus Lateralis Muscles During Incremental Exercise
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study aimed to examine sex differences in oxygen saturation in respiratory (SmO 2 - m.intercostales ) and locomotor muscles (SmO 2 - m.vastus lateralis ) while performing physical exercise. Twenty-five (12 women) healthy and physically active participants were evaluated during an incremental test with a cycle ergometer, while ventilatory variables [lung ventilation ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="INEQ2"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math> E), tidal volume (Vt), and respiratory rate (RR)] were acquired through the breath-by-breath method. SmO 2 was acquired using the MOXY ® devices on the m.intercostales and m.vastus lateralis . A two-way ANOVA (sex × time) indicated that women showed a greater significant decrease of SmO 2 - m.intercostales , and men showed a greater significant decrease of SmO 2 - m.vastus lateralis . Additionally, women reached a higher level of ΔSmO 2 - m.intercostales normalized to <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="INEQ3"><mml:mover accent="true"><mml:mtext>V</mml:mtext><mml:mo>.</mml:mo></mml:mover></mml:math> E (L⋅min –1 ) ( p &lt; 0.001), whereas men had a higher level of ΔSmO 2 - m.vastus lateralis normalized to peak workload-to-weight (watts⋅kg –1 , PtW) ( p = 0.049), as confirmed by Student’s t -test. During an incremental physical exercise, women experienced a greater cost of breathing, reflected by greater deoxygenation of the respiratory muscles, whereas men had a higher peripheral load, indicated by greater deoxygenation of the locomotor muscles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".