Fate of turbid glacial inflows in a hydroelectric reservoir
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Turbidity from glacial meltwater limits light penetration with potential ecological consequences. Using profiles of temperature, conductivity, and turbidity, we examine the physical processes driving changes in the epilimnetic turbidity of Carpenter Reservoir, a long and narrow, glacier-fed reservoir in southwest British Columbia, Canada. Following the onset of permanent summer stratification, the relatively dense inflows plunged into the hypolimnion, and despite the high glacial load entering the reservoir, the epilimnion cleared due to particle settling. Using a one-dimensional (longitudinal) diffusion equation for a decaying substance to describe the variation in epilimnetic turbidity, we obtain two nondimensional parameters: the epilimnetic inflow parameter, $$\mathcal {I}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>I</mml:mi></mml:math> , a measure of the turbidity flux into the epilimnion; and the dispersion parameter, $${\mathcal {D}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>D</mml:mi></mml:math> , a measure of longitudinal dispersion. In the case of Carpenter Reservoir: $$\mathcal {I}\ll 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>I</mml:mi><mml:mo>≪</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> , indicating that turbidity declines over the summer; and $${\mathcal {D}}\ll 1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mo>≪</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math> , indicating a strong gradient in turbidity along the epilimnion. Using our theoretical formulation of epilimnetic turbidity variations in conjunction with monthly field surveys, we compute the particle settling velocity ( $${\sim}{0.25}\,{\hbox {m}\,\hbox {d}^{-1}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.25</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mspace/><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext><mml:mspace/><mml:msup><mml:mtext>d</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> ), the longitudinal dispersion coefficient (50–70 $${\hbox {m}^{2}\,\hbox {s}^{-1}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mtext>m</mml:mtext><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mspace/><mml:msup><mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>-</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> ), and the flux of turbid water into the epilimnion ( $${\sim }1{\%}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>∼</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> of the total inflow). Our approach is applicable to other reservoirs and can be used to investigate changes in turbidity in response to changes in $$\mathcal {I}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>I</mml:mi></mml:math> and $${\mathcal {D}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>D</mml:mi></mml:math> .
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it