On the Dependence of Amplitude and Phase Scintillation Indices on Magnetic Field Aligned Angle: A Statistical Investigation at High Latitudes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This letter presents for the first time the results of a statistical study that had looked into the dependence of scintillation on the propagation geometry of GPS signals at high latitudes by combining the geometrical parameters, namely elevation and azimuth, along with the magnetic field vector into a single variable called the magnetic field aligned angle (MFAA). An increase in the value of scintillation indices when MFAA approaches zero is observed. This indicates the presence of field-aligned irregularities and the fact that MFAA is sensitive to irregularities whose size extends to Fresnel scales as well. Contrary to previous experimental and modeling studies which have shown higher variations of$\sigma _{\phi }$index as compared to the$S_{4}$index with the propagation geometry of GPS signals, our results suggest that these higher fluctuations in$\sigma _{\phi }$were refractive in origin and were the result of improper detrending of the phase at high latitudes where the use of constant cutoff of 0.1 Hz is not accurate due to higher ionospheric plasma drift velocities at these latitudes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".