Portable Microwave Sensor Based on Frequency-Selective Surface for Grain Moisture Content Monitoring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel portable, lightweight, and compact microwave sensor for monitoring the grain moisture content (MC) is proposed in this letter. The proposed sensor is a frequency-selective surface (FSS) antenna consisting of 21 square-shaped complementary split-ring resonators (SCSRRs). The proposed sensor was printed directly on a lightweight and flexible container made of PF-4 with the size of 60 mm × 28 mm × 50 mm. Each SCSRR consists of two cocentered square-shaped rings with 0.3-mm spacing. The length, width, and thickness of the conductive section are 52 mm, 20 mm, and 0.017 mm, respectively. The operating frequency band was chosen as 1−6 GHz due to the insensitivity of the water's dielectric constant to the temperature variation. Monitoring variations inS-parameters, notably the resonance frequency, indicate the MC variations. The proposed sensor detects a 160-MHz shift in the resonance frequency for barley MC ranging from 10 to 25%. The high sensitivity, compactness, flexibility, low weight, portability, small cross-interference sensitivity, simplicity of operation, environment-friendly fabrication, and low cost of the proposed sensor make it attractive for monitoring grain MC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".