Interdivision Fiscal Equity in Saskatchewan, 1985-2000: An Analysis of Spending Equity and Wealth Neutrality.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the spring of 2002 the Agricultural Producers Association of Saskatchewan requested a study of expenditure and revenue equity and wealth neutrality in Saskatchewan from 1985 through 2000. The Saskatchewan context is unusual, an economy quite dependent on agriculture, politics that have bifurcated along urban-rural lines, and numerous other characteristics that distinguish Saskatchewan from most other North American jurisdictions. As expected, some urban areas spent more than rural areas, and nonrural divisions had greater spending and revenue variance than rural divisions, especially when tuition and transportation are removed; the division responsible for education in the north spent more than other divisions, and so forth. However, this study produced some remarkable results in other respects, most notably a negative relationship between per-pupil spending and revenue on one hand and per-pupil wealth on the other for all categories of school divisions except rural divisions in conjunction with growing positive relationships for rural divisions and growing rural dependence on the local property tax source, especially in the wake of major property assessment reforms in 1997.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".