CONFORMERS OF VANILLIC ACID: A ROTATIONAL SPECTROSCOPIC AND THEORETICAL STUDY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vanillic acid is produced in significant quantities in forest fires and is used as a biomass burning tracer for softwood and hardwood combustion events. Vanillic acid has also been found in secondary organic aerosol and can be oxidized in aqueous atmospheric processes to humic-like substances. Hydrates of vanillic acid play undoubtedly important roles in the processes involved, and we present here a study of conformers of the vanillic acid monomer to lay the groundwork for subsequent studies of the mono- and di-hydrates. \n\nComputationally, 12 conformers were found within an energy range of 51 kJ/mol using the Conformer–Rotamer Ensemble Sampling Tool (CREST).$^1$ The two lowest energy conformers could then be identified in the spectrum recorded with a chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer in the 2-6 GHz range. The deviation between experimental and theoretical rotational constants determined at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ and DFT B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-TVPZ levels of theory is less than 1\\%. No tunnelling splitting was observed which suggests a relatively high barrier to methyl internal rotation, in agreement with other, previously studied vanillin derivatives. Furthermore, no c-type transitions could be observed in agreement with computed zero c-dipole moment component of the lowest energy structures. From the theoretical structures, it is apparent that intra-molecular hydrogen bonds play a significant role in stabilizing the lowest energy conformers. To further explore the intra-molecular interactions in vanillic acid, QTAIM and NCI analyses were performed. \n\n\n\n$^1$P. Pracht, F. Bohle, S. Grimme, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 22, 7169-7192 (2020).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".