Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mechanisms responsible for dune growth and decay remain a major unknown in river dynamics. Two theories have been supported by experiments and numerical models. A hydrodynamic explanation suggests that growth and decay occur due to phase lags between bed topography and sediment flux. Alternatively, kinematic processes have been invoked to explain growth by merger and decay by superimposed bedforms cannibalizing larger dunes. Demonstration of either mechanism in natural rivers has been lacking due to a paucity of high‐resolution topography. Here, we provide the first observations of rapid dune growth by kinematic processes during a rising hydrograph limb, followed by gradual adjustments likely through hydrodynamic processes at high flow. As flow wanes, smaller dunes develop and cannibalize larger features, eventually creating a flattened bed near base flow. Kinematic processes occur at a common threshold shear stress. Superimposed dunes formed during falling limbs of hydrographs are signatures of dune decay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".