Export Cartels in the Americas and the OAS: Is the Harmonization of National Competition Laws the Solution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
n 2003, the Inter-American Juridical Committee of the Organization of American States released its final report pertaining to competition and cartels in the Americas.In the light of the work undertaken by this committee in that matter, this paper investigates the issue of export cartels in the Americas.It first analyses the rationality of export cartels and their various anticompetitive effects on international trade, on domestic markets and on developing countries, which make up the majority of the states in the American hemisphere.It also describes the treatment of export cartels in three major countries in the Americas: the United States, Canada and Brazil.It advocates for an informal harmonization of the national competition laws of American countries, held within the OAS framework, geared towards the explicit exemption system that comes with a notification requirement.This informal harmonization process would provide a remedy to the scarcity of empirical information on the activities of export cartels; it would facilitate legal proceedings instituted by developing countries against export cartels adversely affecting their domestic market; and it could contribute to the fostering of an inter-American awareness on competition law and economic integration issues.This literature nonetheless neglects one type of cartel, which not only rests on a retrograde conception of the international system, but also which generates various anticompetitive effects: export cartels.Export cartels are associations of firms, operating in the same country, that cooperate with one another in various ways, such as fixing common prices in order to export their goods and/or services to the international market.The primary objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of export cartels within the OAS framework, and to offer a 2 See its website: <http://www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org/>. 3The Working Group was created in 1996 to: ''study issues raised by Members relating to the interaction between trade and competition policy, including anti-competitive practices, in order to identify any areas that may merit further consideration in the WTO framework''.See: WTO, Ministerial Conference Singapore -Declaration, WTO Doc.WT/MIN(96)/DEC at 20, online: WTO <http://docs-online.wto.org>.The Working Group is currently inactive because the General Council decided in 2004 that the issue of competition policy ''will not form part of the Work Programme set out in that Declaration [Declaration of Doha, 2001] and therefore no work towards negotiations on any of these issues will take place within the WTO during the Doha Round''.See:
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".