Stress Analysis of Tubes During Die Expansion Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In practical applications, the stress status of expanded tubes is a critical parameter to control leakage and stress corrosion cracking. Therefore, it is important to study and analyze the stress distribution generated from tube expansion. Unfortunately, there are only a few theoretical approaches available for estimating the stress distribution of formed tubes, especially for cases where the expansion is achieved with spherical and oval dies. In this study, 3/8 stainless steel and copper tubes were expanded with an oval die in a designed test workbench, and the tangential and longitudinal strains were monitored during the expansion process. A new analytical approach is developed to estimate the stresses and strains in the expanded tube during the expansion process. The different expanded zones are treated using different theories. An axisymmetric finite element model as a numerical approach is used to analyze the stresses based on a multi-linear kinematic hardening behavior to validate the analytical approach. In addition, the stresses in the expanded tube and the push force of the die are also provided by the analytical, numerical and experimental approaches. Finally, the results from the three approaches are in a relatively good agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".