Constructing the State, Managing the Corporation, Transforming the Individual: Photography, Immigration and the Canadian National Railways, 1925–30
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter considers how photographs created by the Canadian National Railways (CNR) in conjunction with Canadian government immigration and land settlement schemes represent state efforts to formulate and implement immigration policies, bureaucratic evaluations of cultural difference and corporate agendas to document and monitor the progress of agriculture and colonization. Adopting the concept of the ‘gaze’ as an analytical device to explore the relationship of images and imaginings, immigrants and immigration, it considers these photographs as expressions of state values, public opinion and immigrant compliance and resistance. Prior to the adoption of photography by the CNR in its corporate promotional activities and the photograph-dossiers, there was an established history of the use of photography by the Canadian Pacific Railway and the immigration branch of the Department of the Interior. Following First World War, the newly formed CNR embarked on its own system of record-keeping in which the camera served as a tool both of corporate propaganda and documentation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".