Design Parameters for Enhanced Performance of Li<sub>1+x</sub>Ni<sub>0.6</sub>Co<sub>0.2</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> at High Voltage: A Phase Transformation Study by In Situ XRD
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The electrochemical performance of Al-doped and un-doped Li 1+x Ni 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 (NCM) cathodes was evaluated at a high cut-off voltage up to 4.6 V (vs Li/Li + ) using 1 Ah pouch-type full cells and coin-type half cells. The batteries employing Al-doped NCM exhibited lower internal resistance, higher C-rate capability, and better low-temperature performance. In situ X-ray diffraction revealed that the Al-doped cathode followed a one-phase reaction route, which is attributed to enhanced Li + diffusion due to Al doping and the relatively small and porous secondary particles. The existence of the pristine phase in undoped NCM throughout the cycling is explained by the slow diffusion of lithium in and out of the large and dense particles, leading to phase separation caused by regions with different lithium concentrations. Analysis using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry combined with a focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the Li-ion distribution of undoped NCM was less homogeneous than that of the doped NCM.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".