Bone Growth Stimulators for Treatment of Adults with Bone Disease or Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrical stimulation and low intensity pulsed ultrasound technologies for bone healing may have some beneficial effects on radiographic assessment outcomes (e.g., spinal fusion rate, radiographic nonunion rates, number of days to radiographic healing) and clinical assessment outcomes (e.g., mouth opening, wrist and shoulder mobility, exteroceptive sensation, and wound healing), but may not improve outcomes that are important to patients (e.g., functional recovery). Pain may be reduced by electrical bone growth stimulation devices, but not by low intensity pulsed ultrasound. No adverse events (AEs) related to the low intensity pulsed ultrasound device were reported. It is unknown if there are AEs related to electrical stimulation devices (no evidence found). Low intensity pulsed ultrasound for treatment of fresh tibial fractures was not cost-effective compared with placebo from either a payer perspective or societal perspective within the Canadian context. It is unknown if electrical bone growth stimulator devices are cost-effective (no evidence found).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".