A 19 MW, 12.5 B, 2.1 MS/S SINGLE-BIT DS ADC IN 0.18 MM DIGITAL CMOS PROCESS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The increasingly stringent requirements of today’s communication systems and portable devices are imposing two challenges on the design of high-resolution, high-speed ADCs and delta-sigma modulators (DSMs) in particular. The first is the extension of the input frequency range to include applications where the input bandwidth exceeds the 1 MHz range, while maintaining a feasible sampling frequency. The challenge in extending the operational speed of DSMs is further rendered more complicated by the ever shrinking transistor dimension, and in turn, the supply voltage, hence the second challenge. To address those two challenges, the DSMs presented in this paper targets a minimum of 12 bits in resolution at 2 MS/s Nyquist conversion rate, while using a single 1.8 V supply and minimum power dissipation.A switched-capacitor (SC) DS ADC integrated circuit (IC) with output rate slightly exceeding 2 MS/s was successfully implemented in a 1.8 V, 0.18 mm standard CMOS process. The IC consists of a fourth-order, multi-stage (2-1-1), single-bit modulator sampled at an oversampling rate of 50 MHz. Special effort has been made to reduce the power consumption of the modulator through careful system-level modeling and synthesis of circuit specifcations. Experimental results reveal a 77.6 dB dynamic range while consuming 18.8 mW of power, making it the lowest power dissipation for output rates in excess of 2 MS/s.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".